1. 1.B.1Appendices included in these rules outline rules changes and additions specific to several variations of the sport.
2. 1.B.2Event Organizer Clause: The event organizer may modify rules relating to game logistics in order to suit the event. Examples include game length (game total), time limits (time caps), halftime length, number of timeouts, starting time point assessments, uniform requirements, and observer operations. Any such change must be established before competition starts.
3. 1.B.3Captain’s Clause: For games not subject to the event organizer clause, a game may be played under any variation of the rules agreed upon by the captains of the teams involved. Otherwise, any rules variations are subject to approval by the event organizer.

1. 2.C.1If a player intentionally or flagrantly violates the rules, the captains of each team should discuss the incident and determine an appropriate outcome, and are not bound by any outcome dictated by these rules.

1. 2.D.1know the rules;
2. 2.D.2be fair-minded and objective;
3. 2.D.3be truthful;
4. 2.D.4explain their viewpoint clearly and concisely;
5. 2.D.5allow opponents a reasonable chance to speak;
6. 2.D.6consider their opponent’s viewpoint;
7. 2.D.7use respectful words and body language;
8. 2.D.8resolve disputes as quickly as possible;
9. 2.D.9make calls in a consistent manner throughout the game; and
10. 2.D.10only make a call where an infraction is significant enough to make a difference to the outcome of the action.
11. [[Players are required to “explain their viewpoint clearly and concisely” and “resolve disputes as quickly as possible.” As such, most discussions should not exceed thirty seconds before either reaching a resolution or requesting an observer to resolve the dispute. If both players have had an opportunity to state their viewpoint and it is clear that an agreement will not be reached, players have an obligation to accept that the call is contested and resolve it as such. Where a dispute exists regarding what a rule says, the players may agree to consult a rulebook.]]

1. 2.E.1informing a teammate if they have made a wrong or unnecessary call, caused a foul or violation, or need a clarification of a rule;
2. 2.E.2retracting a call when you no longer believe the call was necessary or believe that it was made in error and should not have been called;
3. 2.E.3complimenting an opponent for good play or spirit;
4. 2.E.4touching base with an opponent on the sideline after a contentious interaction;
5. 2.E.5discussing and/or making calls about contact that could be considered a foul in order to keep players safe;
6. 2.E.6introducing yourself to your opponent; and
7. 2.E.7reacting calmly towards disagreement or provocation.

1. 2.F.1reckless play or dangerously aggressive behavior;
2. 2.F.2intentional fouling or other intentional rule violations;
3. 2.F.3taunting or intimidating opposing players;
4. 2.F.4disrespectful celebration after scoring;
5. 2.F.5making calls in retaliation to an opponent’s calls or other actions;
6. 2.F.6calling for a pass from an opponent; and
7. 2.F.7other win-at-all-costs behavior.

1. 2.G.1take responsibility for teaching their players the rules and good spirit;
2. 2.G.2discipline team members who display poor spirit;
3. 2.G.3provide constructive feedback to other teams about what they are doing well and/or how to improve their adherence to the Spirit of the Game; and
4. 2.G.4be aware regarding the potential for implicit biases to impact play and Spirit of the Game.
   1. 2.G.4.aPlayers and team leaders should acknowledge and recognize that the implementation of Spirit of the Game (SOTG) is susceptible to bias. Team leaders should be mindful of and encourage their teammates to be mindful of their own biases when considering and discussing interactions with, and impressions of, other teams as well as their own team. Understand that intent and impact are not the same. The intent of a person’s statement or gesture may be neutral or positive to them, but the impact of what they say or do may be harmful or hurtful to others.

1. 2.H.1Coaches should teach players to come to a resolution on their own. If asked during a dispute coaches may offer rules clarifications. Coaches may not make calls from the sideline nor offer their opinion on a play. After a dispute, and when the player is not playing, a coach may talk to their own player about the dispute and offer opinions and guidance.

1. 2.K.1what occurred in a play, or
2. 2.K.2what would most likely have occurred in a play,

1. 3.A.1Players may seek the perspective of sideline players to clarify the rules and to assist players in making the appropriate call. Players may seek the perspective of coaches to clarify a rule, but not to assist in making the appropriate call.
   1. 3.A.1.aSideline players should not offer their perspective unless solicited by a player. However, a sideline player may offer perspective without being asked by a player if the perspective offered is to the detriment of the sideline player’s team.
2. 3.A.2Players may review officially-designated video footage to assist in resolving a call where such footage is available. However, play may not be delayed to review video footage. [[For example, live instant replay in a stadium setting may be used by players to resolve a contested foul call. Players may not, however, request that a particular play be replayed on the screen. If, after reviewing the video, players still cannot agree, they should not delay the game to rewatch the play multiple times; instead, the play should be treated as a regular contested foul.]]

1. 3.J.1Catching a pass is equivalent to establishing possession of that pass.
2. 3.J.2If a player loses possession of a disc during movement related to a catch, the initial possession ends. [[A disc that touches the ground while in a player’s possession is not a turnover.]]
3. 3.J.3A disc in a player’s possession is considered part of that player. [[Thus, hitting the disc in a player’s possession is a foul]]
4. 3.J.4The team whose player is in possession, or whose players may pick up the disc, is considered the team in possession. If the disc is in the air following a legal pass, the thrower’s team is considered the team in possession.

1. 3.M.1A disc is “in play” when players are allowed to move and play may proceed without the defense’s acknowledgment. An in-bounds disc in the central zone is in play. The disc is subject to a turnover. If no player has possession of a disc in play, any offensive player may become the thrower by taking possession of the disc (14.A). Once a player has possession of the disc, they must establish a pivot at the spot of the disc (14.A.2) prior to attempting a pass (17.K).
2. 3.M.2A disc is “live” when players are allowed to move and the disc is subject to a turnover, but the thrower cannot make a legal pass (e.g., walking the disc to the spot where it is to be put into play). For a live disc to be put into play, the thrower must (1) establish a pivot at the appropriate spot on the field, and (2) touch the disc to the ground (14.B).
3. 3.M.3A disc is “dead” when play has stopped and can continue only with a check (see 9.D). The disc is not subject to a turnover. A dead disc may change states to either live or in play after a check depending on the circumstances.

1. 3.O.1A pass is equivalent to a throw.
2. 3.O.2An intentionally dropped disc is considered a thrown disc.
3. 3.O.3The act of throwing is the motion that transfers momentum from the thrower to the disc in the direction of flight and results in a throw. Pivots and wind-ups are not part of the act of throwing.
4. 3.O.4A throw is only considered complete when an offensive player gains possession that is not otherwise negated.
5. 3.O.5An offensive player in possession of, or who has most recently possessed, the disc, is the thrower.

Roles

1. 3.Q.1Captain: A team member, who is eligible to participate in the game, and has been designated to represent the team in decision-making on behalf of the team before, during, and after a game.
2. 3.Q.2Coach: A team member who has been officially recognized by event organizers to have met the requirements necessary for coaching, including but not limited to certification, screening, education, and registration. Coaches are permitted in areas where sideline players are allowed, during and between points, in accordance with event rules. Coaches are not permitted to make calls or contribute to the discussion or resolution of calls, except to clarify rules if requested.
3. 3.Q.3Defensive player/Defender: A player whose team is not in possession of the disc. A defensive player may not pick up a live disc or a disc in play or call for a pass from the thrower.
4. 3.Q.4Event organizer: The person(s) or entity organizing and responsible for a competition, whether it is a tournament, tournament series, league, single game, or other type of event. Responsibilities may include, but are not limited to competition rules, safety, event registration and event logistics.
5. 3.Q.5Event support staff: Event support staff are officially designated personnel assigned by the event organizers to cover a wide variety of positions and responsibilities associated with an event, including but not limited to medical staff, scorekeepers, security, media, field crew, and other paid or volunteer positions. Vendors, sponsors, and business partners may also be designated as event support staff by the event organizer. Event support staff do not have additional duties or permissions beyond those specifically assigned by the event organizer.
6. 3.Q.6Marker: The defensive player within ten feet of the thrower’s pivot or of the thrower if no pivot has been established. If the disc is not in a player’s possession, a defensive player within ten feet of a spot on the field where the disc is to be put into play is considered the marker.
7. 3.Q.7Non-player: Any person who is not a player or sideline player as defined in these rules.
8. 3.Q.8Observer: Observers are non-player game officials whose job is to support the players in implementing a safe, fair, and efficient game. Observers carefully watch the action of the game, assist with communication, help uphold self-officiating and the Spirit of the Game, assist with resolving calls as needed, and perform other duties as described in Section 19.
9. 3.Q.9Offensive player: A player whose team is in possession of the disc.
10. 3.Q.10Player: One of the up to fourteen (14) persons who are participating in the current point of play.
11. 3.Q.11Sideline player: Any team member who is present at the field and eligible to participate in the game, but who is not a player participating in the current point.
12. 3.Q.12Spectator: Event attendees who do not fall into one of the other roles defined in 3.Q.
13. 3.Q.13Spirit captain: A team member, who is eligible to participate in the game, and has been designated to address, discuss, and resolve spirit issues at any point throughout the competition with opponents, teammates, coaches, and game or event officials. If no spirit captain is designated, this role is assigned to the captain(s).
14. 3.Q.14Team member: Any person designated by the team, to the event organizer, to be officially associated with the team, per the rules established by the event organizer.
15. 3.Q.15Team support staff: A team member who has been officially recognized by event organizers to be a member of the team for a specific support purpose. Team support staff are generally permitted in areas where sideline players are allowed, but may be further restricted by event rules.

1. 4.I.1The equipment line surrounds the playing field. Spectators and gear should remain behind this line to keep the perimeter safe and clear during play.
2. 4.I.2The team lines are outside of the playing field, parallel to the sidelines. Competitors and coaches should remain behind these lines to allow play adjacent to the playing field.

1. 6.A.1A standard game has a game total of 15.

1. 6.B.1A standard halftime is 10 minutes. [[The receiving team should be properly positioned on the line, having signaled readiness by the end of halftime, at which time the defense will have 15 seconds to release the pull.]]

Time Caps

1. 6.C.1The soft cap occurs once a predetermined time of play has elapsed. At the soft cap, play continues until the current scoring attempt is completed. If, after the current scoring attempt is completed, the game total has not yet been reached by one team, one is added to the higher score and the resulting number is the new game total.
2. 6.C.2The hard cap is the ending of the game once a predetermined time of play has elapsed. At the hard cap, play continues until the current scoring attempt is completed. If, after the current scoring attempt is completed, the score is tied, play continues until one additional goal is scored. Otherwise, the game ends. The team with the most goals at the end of the game is the winner.
3. 6.C.3The halftime cap occurs once a predetermined time of play has elapsed. At the halftime cap, play continues until the current scoring attempt is completed. If, after the current scoring attempt is completed, the halftime target has not yet been reached by one team, one is added to the higher score and the resulting number is the new halftime target.

1. 7.B.1A team timeout lasts 70 seconds.
2. 7.B.2Any player may call a timeout after a goal is scored and before both teams have signaled readiness to start play. Time limit counts between points are suspended for 70 seconds. A timeout may not be called between a re-pull call and the ensuing pull.
3. 7.B.3After the pull, only a thrower with possession of the disc that has survived ground contact can call a timeout. The player must form a T with one hand and the disc, and should audibly say “timeout.” The timeout begins when the T is formed. The disc is then placed on the ground at the pivot spot.
4. 7.B.4Restarting play after a timeout called by a thrower:
   1. 7.B.4.aAll players at the time of the timeout call must return to play unless an injury timeout also is called.
   2. 7.B.4.bEach offensive player must establish a stationary position by the end of the timeout. Movement after this time and before the disc is checked into play is a violation. The defense has ninety seconds after the beginning of the timeout or up to twenty seconds after all offensive players have established their positions (whichever is longer) to check the disc into play.
   3. 7.B.4.cThe player who had possession of the disc when the team timeout was called restarts play with a check at the pivot spot, and the marker resumes the stall count with the word “stalling” followed by the last number uttered before the timeout plus one or 9 if over 8, however 15.A.4 applies.
   4. 7.B.4.dIf the time limits for the timeout are exceeded by one team, a player on the other team may announce “delay of game” and the player at the location the disc is to be put into play may self-check the disc into play without acknowledgment by the opposing team. In order to invoke this rule a player must give warnings of 20, 10, and 5 seconds.
5. 7.B.5If the disc is live or in play and the thrower attempts to call a timeout when the team in possession has no timeouts remaining, play is stopped. The marker resumes the stall count with the number last uttered before the call plus three (e.g. if the timeout was called after a stall count of two, play would resume on a stall count of five). If this results in a stall count of ten or above, this is a turnover.

1. 7.C.1Any player on the injured player’s team may call an injury timeout.
2. 7.C.2The timeout is retroactive to the time of the injury, unless the injured player chooses to continue play before the timeout is called, in which case, the timeout begins at the time of the call. If the disc is in the air or the thrower is in the act of throwing at the time of the injury or of the call when the player has continued play, the timeout begins when the play is completed.
3. 7.C.3Restarting play after an injury timeout:
   1. 7.C.3.aIf a player in possession leaves the field following an injury, the replacing player takes possession.
   2. 7.C.3.bPlay restarts at the appropriate spot with a check and the marker resumes any stall count with the word stalling followed by the last number uttered before the injury timeout started plus one or 9 if over 8. The substitution of the thrower or marker does not alter the stall count.
   3. 7.C.3.cAll players must resume their locations on the field at the time the injury timeout began (i.e., players may not set up), unless a team timeout is also called.
4. 7.C.4If the injured player does not leave the game after an injury timeout, that player’s team is charged with a team timeout unless the injury was caused by an opposing player. If the team being charged with the timeout is also the team in possession and has no timeouts remaining, it is a turnover.
5. 7.C.5If an injury timeout is called during a team timeout, the opposing team must be notified as soon as the injury is discovered (8.A.2).
6. 7.C.6If an injury timeout is called between points, all time limits are suspended until the injured player is removed from the field.
7. 7.C.7Any player, coach, or observer should call an injury timeout for a player who is bleeding or has an exposed open wound.
   1. 7.C.7.aThis timeout takes effect when the call is made (i.e., is not retroactive to the time of injury). If the disc is in the air or the thrower is in the act of throwing at the time of the call, the timeout begins when the play is completed. However, the disc is returned to the thrower if avoiding potential contact with the bleeding player is determined to have affected the play.
   2. 7.C.7.bThis timeout may last up to 70 seconds, during which time the injured player must have the wound effectively covered in order to return to the point in progress.
   3. 7.C.7.cIf play cannot be restarted with the injured player’s wound effectively covered in 70 seconds, the player’s team may either
      1. 7.C.7.c.1replace the injured player according to 7.C.3, or
      2. 7.C.7.c.2call a team timeout, if they have one, in order to extend the time frame to have the wound effectively covered and leave the player in the game.
   4. 7.C.7.dA bleeding or exposed open wound is “effectively covered” if it is covered with a dressing sturdy enough to withstand the demands of activity and able to prevent bodily fluids from coming in contact with other players.
   5. 7.C.7.eAny player whose clothing has blood on it must have the affected areas disinfected or must change the clothing before returning to play.
   6. 7.C.7.fWhether a player may return to play is determined by appropriate medical staff. If medical staff is not available, captains and coaches may agree that a wound has been effectively covered and any clothing issues have been addressed.

1. 7.D.1Any player recognizing a condition that endangers themselves or other players may call a technical timeout during play by calling “technical.” The thrower may call a technical timeout during play to replace a cracked, torn, deeply gouged, creased, or punctured disc; a warped, wet or dirty disc does not qualify. The timeout begins at the time of the call. If the disc is in the air or the act of throwing at the time of the call, the timeout begins when the play is completed.
   1. 7.D.1.aIf a player discovers a dangerous condition after the disc is in the air or while the thrower is in the act of throwing and the player ceases play as a result, the disc is returned to the thrower regardless of the outcome of that pass. However, if both teams agree that ceasing play did not affect the outcome of the throw, the result of the play stands. [[For example, a receiver is not required to continue playing through a dangerous situation, such as a child wandering onto the field. In that case, the receiver should stop making a play on the disc in order to prioritize the safety of themselves and others, and the disc will be returned to the thrower once the dangerous situation is rectified.]]
      1. 7.D.1.a.1If possession reverts to the thrower, all players return to the locations they occupied at the time of the throw
2. 7.D.2Any player may briefly extend a stoppage of play to correct faulty equipment (e.g., to tie shoelaces or straighten a disc), but active play may not be stopped for this purpose. (Note: play does not stop during a turnover even if the disc is out-of-bounds.)
3. 7.D.3A player unable to correct illegal equipment in a timely manner must be substituted in accordance with 8.A.2.
4. 7.D.4Restarting play after a technical timeout:
   1. 7.D.4.aThe thrower restarts play at the appropriate spot with a check and the marker resumes any stall count as follows:
      1. 7.D.4.a.1If the technical timeout was called during a stoppage of play, the count resumes at the appropriate count for the event that stopped play.
      2. 7.D.4.a.2If the technical timeout stopped play, the count resumes at the stall count reached plus one, or at six if over five.
   2. 7.D.4.bIf a player in possession leaves the field due to illegal equipment, the replacing player puts the disc into play. The substitution of the thrower or marker does not alter the stall count.
   3. 7.D.4.cAll players must resume their locations on the field at the time the timeout began (i.e., players may not set up), unless a team timeout is also called.

1. 7.E.1A spirit timeout can be called only if all of the following conditions have been met:
   1. 7.E.1.aBoth spirit captains have discussed the perceived Spirit of the Game violation(s) and adjustments to address those violations, and one or more members of either or both teams have not adjusted their conduct.
   2. 7.E.1.bBoth spirit captains have discussed the need to call a spirit timeout before calling the spirit timeout. It is not required that both spirit captains agree that a spirit timeout is necessary.
   3. 7.E.1.cPlay is stopped.
   4. 7.E.1.dIn games with observers, spirit timeouts initiated by the spirit captains must be communicated to the observers before being called. Observers may call a spirit timeout if the observer believes it is needed and at least one of the spirit captains agrees.
2. 7.E.2During the spirit timeout:
   1. 7.E.2.aBoth teams will aim to complete all discussions within 5 minutes, with a goal of resuming play as quickly as possible. If teams require more time to resolve spirit discussions, the timeout can be extended with the consent of both spirit captains.
   2. 7.E.2.bTeam members may not engage in tactical discussions. Team member may not extend the spirit timeout to try to gain a tactical advantage.
   3. 7.E.2.cSpirit timeouts may follow one of two formats, as determined by the spirit captains. Where the spirit captains disagree as to the format of the spirit timeout, the default format is for teams to form one spirit circle.
      1. 7.E.2.c.1All team members of both teams will form one spirit circle, alternating players from each team, if possible. The spirit captains will lead a conversation addressing and proposing solutions to resolve spirit issues; or
      2. 7.E.2.c.2Two circles will be formed, one for each team to internally resolve spirit issues that have already been discussed between the spirit captains of the opposing team.
3. 7.E.3After the spirit timeout:
   1. 7.E.3.aThe game resumes in the same manner as it does after a team timeout.
   2. 7.E.3.bSpirit timeouts do not affect timeouts available.
   3. 7.E.3.cFor spirit timeouts lasting five minutes or less, the time taken for a spirit timeout will automatically be added to the length of the game time to determine time caps for the game. After the initial five minutes, although spirit captains may always agree to extend a spirit timeout, event organizers may limit the time that can be added to the length of games. The spirit captain(s) initiating the spirit timeout will convey the start and end of the stoppage to event support staff or the event organizer for time-keeping purposes.

1. 8.A.1after a goal and before the substituting team has signaled readiness; or
2. 8.A.2to replace injured players, replace players with illegal equipment (7.D.3), or to resolve an incorrect personnel violation (9.8.3.a). In this case, the opposing team may substitute a like number of, or fewer, players.

1. 9.A.1Representatives of the two teams fairly determine which team chooses to
   1. 9.A.1.areceive or throw the initial pull; or
   2. 9.A.1.bwhich end zone they wish to initially defend.
2. 9.A.2The other team gets the remaining choice.
3. 9.A.3The second half begins with a reversal of the initial choices.
4. 9.A.4If only one team fails to signal readiness for the start of a scheduled game, the opposing team may be awarded goals by the event organizer at a rate of one goal for every five minutes elapsed after the posted start time.

1. 9.B.1Play starts at the beginning of each half and after each goal with a pull.
2. 9.B.2After a goal, the teams switch their direction of attack and the scoring team pulls.
3. 9.B.3The pull may be made only after the puller and a player on the receiving team both raise their hands to signal their team’s readiness to begin play. A team must have a minimum of two players and a maximum of seven players on the field in order to signal readiness. The pull occurs when the puller throws (3.K) the disc after signaling readiness. [[Players (3.Q.10) may not signal readiness until all of their other team members are clear of the field (9.C.3.a).]]
   1. 9.B.3.aIf the disc has been pulled and a team has more than seven (7) players or has the incorrect mixed personnel ratio, it is the responsibility of all players on the field to call violation as soon as they recognize it. [[This rule is one of the exceptions to 17.A, and this violation call is always appropriate under 2.D.10.]]
      1. 9.B.3.a.1The team in violation must choose which player(s) to remove from their team, in the case of too many players, or substitute, in the case of an incorrect mixed personnel ratio.
      2. 9.B.3.a.2For every player removed or substituted by the team in violation, the other team may substitute a player.
      3. 9.B.3.a.3After correcting the violation, the other team chooses whether to restart the point using re-pull timings (9.C.5.a) or to restart play as if a team timeout had been called (7.B.4) with the stall count determined by the applicable violation resolution of 15.A.5.a. If both teams are in violation, the point should be restarted unless both teams agree to restart play as if a team timeout had been called.
      4. 9.B.3.a.4If a violation of 9.B.3.a is called after a goal has been scored and prior to the ensuing pull, the other team may choose to nullify the goal and restart the point using re-pull timings (9.C.5.a). [[A team must call a violation as soon as one is discovered; they may not wait to see the outcome of a point or play to call the violation (17.A)]]
4. 9.B.4Positioning before the pull:
   1. 9.B.4.aAfter signaling readiness, players on the pulling team may move anywhere in their end zone, but their feet may not break the vertical plane of the goal line until the disc is released.
   2. 9.B.4.bAfter signaling readiness, players on the receiving team must have one foot on the goal line that they are defending without changing location relative to one another.
   3. 9.B.4.cAfter the disc is released, it is in play and any player may move in any direction.
   4. 9.B.4.dIf a player on the pulling team fails to maintain proper positioning before the pull, the receiving team may call “offsides” before gaining possession of the disc. If a player on the receiving team fails to maintain proper positioning before the pull, the pulling team may call “false start” before the receiving team gains possession of the disc. The offsides and false start calls do not stop play, and the Continuation Rule (17.C) does not apply. [[A sideline player or coach who is leaving the playing field with urgency but is still on the playing field when the disc is released is not considered to be offsides or committing a false start. If a sideline player or coach on the playing field impedes a player from the other team, that is a separate violation.]] In games where observers are used, these calls can only be made by the observers. In games without observers, each team may send a designated sideline player to either goal line who has the ability to call “offsides” or “false start” or to offer their perspective on such a call. A contested offsides call results in a stoppage of play and a re-pull. [[To contest an offsides or false start call, a player on the contesting team must have perspective at least as good as the person making the call. If the call is made by a designated sideline player, only a similarly-positioned sideline player designated by the contesting team has equal or better perspective.]]
      1. 9.B.4.d.1In the first instance of offsides, the receiving team may let the disc hit the ground untouched and then take the disc at the brick mark closest to the end zone the receiving team is defending (following the same signaling procedure described in 9.B.6.d.2), even if the disc initially hits in-bounds, in addition to any other applicable options per 9.B.6–7.
      2. 9.B.4.d.2After the first uncontested instance of offsides, in every subsequent instance of offsides, the receiving team may let the disc hit the ground untouched and then take the disc at midfield (by fully extending one hand overhead and calling “midfield” before gaining possession of the disc) in addition to any other applicable options per 9.B.6–7.
      3. 9.B.4.d.3In any instance of false start, the pulling team may call “false start” prior to the receiving team taking possession of the disc. Play stops after the outcome of the pull is decided. Play resumes in a similar manner as after a team timeout. The player with possession of the disc (or any player on the offensive team if no player has possession) takes the disc to the spot on the playing field where the disc is to be put into play (per 9.B.6–7). Ten seconds after the player in possession reaches that location, each offensive player must establish a stationary position. Movement after this time and before the disc is checked into play is a violation. The defense has twenty seconds after all offensive players have established their positions to check the disc into play.
      4. 9.B.4.d.4If the pulling team is offsides and the receiving team commits a false start, the offense may put the disc into play at the appropriate spot for an offsides but may not attempt a pass until the disc is checked into play by the defense.
5. 9.B.5A player on the throwing team may not touch the pull in the air before a member of the receiving team touches it. If this violation occurs, the receiving team may request a re-pull immediately.
6. 9.B.6If the pull hits the ground or an out-of-bounds area untouched, it is put into play as follows:
   1. 9.B.6.aIf the disc initially hits and remains in-bounds, it is in play where it comes to rest or is stopped (17.F).
   2. 9.B.6.bIf the disc initially hits in-bounds and then becomes out-of-bounds before being touched by the receiving team, it is put into play at the spot on the central zone (i.e., excluding the end zones) nearest to where it first crossed the perimeter line to become out-of-bounds.
   3. 9.B.6.cIf the disc initially hits in-bounds and then becomes out-of-bounds after being touched by the receiving team, it is put into play at the spot on the playing field nearest to where it first crossed the perimeter line to become out-of-bounds.
   4. 9.B.6.dIf the disc initially hits an out-of-bounds area, the receiving team may put the disc into play:
      1. 9.B.6.d.1at the spot determined by 10.H; or
      2. 9.B.6.d.2after signaling for a brick or middle by fully extending one hand overhead and calling brick or middle before gaining possession of the disc, either at
         1. 9.B.6.d.2.athe brick mark closest to the end zone that the receiving team is defending if “brick” was called, or
         2. 9.B.6.d.2.athe spot on the long axis of the central zone nearest to the spot determined by 10.H if “middle” was called.
7. 9.B.7If the pull is caught on the playing field, the disc is in play where it was caught. If the disc is caught outside the playing field, the disc is put into play at the spot on the playing field nearest to where it was caught.
8. 9.B.8If a player on the receiving team touches the pull before it hits the ground and the disc then hits the ground, it is considered a dropped disc (13.B) and results in a turnover.
9. 9.B.9After a pull, whichever player takes possession of the disc must put it into play. If a player drops the disc while carrying it to the spot where it is to be put into play and it contacts the ground before the thrower regains possession, the other team gains possession of the disc at the spot on the central zone nearest to the drop.
10. 9.B.10There is no stoppage of play when putting the pull into play. If the disc is to be put into play at a location other than where possession was gained, the disc is live and the thrower must touch the disc to the ground after establishing a pivot at the appropriate spot on the playing field before attempting a pass.

1. 9.C.1In mixed gender play, the team responsible for signaling the gender ratio for the upcoming point must do so within twenty five (25) seconds after the previous goal was scored. [[The team responsible for signaling gender is encouraged to signal as early as possible after the previous goal is scored, but must do so no later than 25 seconds.]]
2. 9.C.2Within fifty five (55) seconds after the previous goal was scored, the receiving team must line up for the purpose of allowing the pulling team to match up defensively. Each player must place one foot on the goal line, be visible to the pulling team, and not change their relative position on the line.
   1. 9.C.2.aOther team members (coaches, support staff, sideline players) may be present on the field during this time.
3. 9.C.3Within seventy (70) seconds after the previous goal was scored, the receiving team must signal readiness (9.B.3).
   1. 9.C.3.aAll other team members must be clear of the field at this time.
4. 9.C.4The pulling team must release the pull before the later to occur of:
   1. 9.C.4.aeighty five (85) seconds after the previous goal was scored; or
   2. 9.C.4.bthirty (30) seconds after the receiving team lined up; or
   3. 9.C.4.cfifteen (15) seconds after the receiving team signaled readiness.
5. 9.C.5On a re-pull,
   1. 9.C.5.athe receiving team must signal readiness to play within fifteen (15) seconds after the call for a re-pull was made; and
   2. 9.C.5.bthe pulling team must release the pull before the later to occur of:
      1. 9.C.5.b.1thirty (30) seconds after the call for a re-pull was made; or
      2. 9.C.5.b.2fifteen (15) seconds after the receiving team signaled readiness.
6. 9.C.6In games where observers are used, the observers may monitor and call time violations as appropriate. The first instance of a time violation for each team will result in a warning. After a team has received its warning, any further time violations will result in assessment of a team timeout (and the resulting time extensions). If a team has no timeouts remaining, time violations are treated as follows:
   1. 9.C.6.aTime violation on receiving team: the receiving team starts with the disc at the midpoint of the end zone they are defending, after players set up and a check is performed.
   2. 9.C.6.bTime violation on pulling team: the receiving team starts with the disc at midfield, after players set up and a check is performed.
7. 9.C.7In games where the participants require more time (youth, beginner, or other levels), team captains or tournament organizers (as appropriate) are encouraged to extend the time limits listed above to best suit the level of play.

1. 9.D.1When play stops, each player must come to a stop as quickly as possible. Before restarting play, all players must assume the location on the field specified by the rule that covers that specific stoppage of play and remain there until play is restarted.
2. 9.D.2If a called infraction occurs while play is stopped, any subsequent play is negated and players must assume their appropriate locations under 9.D.1. This called infraction does not alter the stall count.[[Thus any pass attempted will be returned to the thrower.]]
3. 9.D.3When the situation is resolved, the player determined to be in possession offers the disc to the marker for a check.
   1. 9.D.3.aThe marker restarts play by touching the disc in the thrower’s possession. If the thrower attempts a pass before the marker checks the disc, the pass (whether complete or incomplete) does not count and the thrower regains possession.
   2. 9.D.3.bAny stall count in effect resumes according to 15.A.5.
4. 9.D.4Offensive self-check: If play is to restart with a check, but no defensive player is near enough to touch the disc in the thrower’s hand, play restarts with an offensive self-check. To restart play using an offensive self-check: [[Determine this distance based on the thrower standing upright and extending the disc toward the marker.]]
   1. 9.D.4.athe defense must acknowledge readiness; and
   2. 9.D.4.bthe thrower establishes a pivot at the appropriate spot on the field, touches the disc to the ground and loudly announces “in play.”
5. 9.D.5Defensive self-check: If play is to restart with a check, but no offensive player is in possession of the disc at the appropriate spot, play restarts with a defensive self-check. To restart play using a defensive self-check:
   1. 9.D.5.athe disc is placed at the appropriate spot on the field;
   2. 9.D.5.bthe offense must acknowledge readiness; and
   3. 9.D.5.cthe defender closest to the disc loudly announces “in play.”

1. 10.C.1If momentum carries a player out-of-bounds after landing in-bounds with possession of an in-bounds disc, the player is considered in-bounds. For this exception to apply, that player’s first point of ground contact with any area must be completely in-bounds. The disc is put into play at the spot on the edge of the playing field where the player first went out-of-bounds (unless 11.A.2 applies). If the player traversed the end zone being attacked, 11.B applies.
2. 10.C.2A pivoting thrower may contact an out-of-bounds area, provided that part of the pivot remains in contact with the playing field. [[In this case, the player and the disc are considered in-bounds.]]
3. 10.C.3Contact between players does not confer the state of being in- or out-of-bounds from one to another.

1. 10.H.1the disc completely crossed the perimeter line;
2. 10.H.2the disc contacted an in-bounds player;
3. 10.H.3the disc contacted a defensive player; or
4. 10.H.4the disc became out-of-bounds due to contact with the out-of-bounds area or a player while any part of the disc was inside the perimeter line.

1. 11.A.1establish a pivot at the spot of the disc (to fake a throw or pause after gaining possession commits the player to put the disc into play at that spot); or
2. 11.A.2carry the disc directly to the closest point on the goal line and put it into play at that spot. If this option is chosen, the player taking possession must put the disc into play at the goal line. [[The player may carry the disc at any speed, constant or variable, while not unreasonably delaying.]] Failure to do so is a travel. [[The player must put the disc into play either at the spot of the disc or on the goal line, not in between.]]

1. 12.A.1To be considered in the end zone after gaining possession of the disc in accordance with 3.J.2 and 16.E, the player’s first point of ground contact must be completely in the end zone. [[If a player clearly lands on their toes first and then continues down onto their heels, their toes are the first point of ground contact. If a player lands fairly flat-footed and it is not possible to determine which part of the foot contacted the ground first, the entire foot is the first point of ground contact.]] [[Remember, the end zone line is not part of the end zone.]]
2. 12.A.2When an in-bounds player in possession of the disc whose first ground contact will be completely within the end zone loses possession of the disc due to an uncontested foul, or lands out of the end zone due to an uncontested force-out foul (17.I.4.b.4), that player is awarded a goal.

1. 13.A.1a pass is incomplete;
2. 13.A.2a disc contacts the ground while not in possession of a player other than as a result of a pull; or
3. 13.A.3a disc becomes out-of-bounds other than as a result of a pull.

1. 13.D.1The marker’s count reaches ten before the throw is released (15.A.3).
2. 13.D.2The thrower hands the disc to another player.
3. 13.D.3The thrower catches a legally thrown disc. However, it is not a turnover if another player touches the disc during its flight unless the thrower intentionally deflected the disc off another player.
4. 13.D.4An offensive player intentionally assists a teammate’s movement to catch a pass. [[The official interpretation of this rule is that a player is prohibited from intentionally pushing off of a teammate to jump higher]] If a defender intentionally assists a teammate’s movement to block or intercept a pass, the intended receiver is awarded possession at the spot on the playing field nearest the location the intended receiver occupied at the time of the infraction. If the intended receiver was in the end zone, 11.B and 11.C apply.
5. 13.D.5An offensive player uses an item of equipment to assist in catching a pass (e.g., throwing a hat or shirt at the disc). If a defender uses an item of equipment to assist in blocking or intercepting a pass, the intended receiver is awarded possession at the spot on the playing field nearest the location the intended receiver occupied at the time of the infraction. If the intended receiver was in the end zone, 11.B and 11.C apply. [[Tacky gloves are legal and do not result in a turnover under this rule.]]

1. 14.A.1If an offensive player picks up a live or in play disc, that player must put it into play.
2. 14.A.2If possession is gained at the spot where the disc is in play, the thrower must establish a pivot at the spot of the disc. [[The thrower should pick up the disc and place the pivot at the spot of the disc.]]
3. 14.A.3If an in-bounds disc comes to rest on the central zone, a member of the team becoming offense must pick up the disc and establish a pivot within ten seconds after it comes to rest. [[The 70 x 40 yard box]] After ten seconds elapse, a defensive player within ten feet of the disc may announce “disc in,” and then initiate and continue the stall count, but only if a defensive player has given audible warnings of ten and five seconds (the pre-stall).
4. 14.A.4If the disc is out-of-bounds (10.E) or comes to rest in the end zone, a member of the team becoming offense must put the disc into play within twenty seconds after it comes to rest. [[For an out-of bounds disc that has come to rest on the central zone, the team becoming offense will have twenty seconds to put it into play.]]
   1. 14.A.4.aIf the disc is out of bounds and not reasonably retrievable quickly, a replacement disc may be introduced without a stoppage of play. The player retrieving the disc must first confirm with a player on the opposing team that the new disc is acceptable. The player putting the new disc into play must then raise the replacement disc above their head and announce “new disc” before putting the disc into play according to 10.H.
   2. 14.A.4.bIf the disc is in the end zone, after twenty seconds elapse, a defensive player within 10 feet of the disc may announce “disc in,” and then initiate and continue the stall count, but only if a defensive player has given audible warnings of twenty, ten and five seconds (the pre-stall).
   3. 14.A.4.cIf the disc is out-of-bounds, after twenty seconds elapse, a defensive player within ten feet of the spot the disc is to be put into play may announce “disc in,” and then initiate and continue the stall count, but only if a defensive player has given audible warnings of twenty, ten and five seconds (the pre-stall).
   4. 14.A.4.dNon playing members of the team on offense may assist in retrieving live discs outside the player and team lines (or, if no such lines exist, live discs in the out-of-bounds area). Such players cannot cause a turnover. Once a player obtains possession of the disc, they must carry the disc to a spot outside the team line (or, if no such line exists, at least three yards away from the playing field) before carrying it to the spot where it is to be put into play.
5. 14.A.5If an offensive player unnecessarily delays putting the disc into play in violation of rule 20.B, a defender within ten feet of the spot the disc is to be put into play may issue a delay of game warning instead of calling a violation, by announcing “delay of game” and counting down from three to zero at intervals of at least one second to provide an opportunity for the offensive player to react to the warning. Play then continues as follows:
   1. 14.A.5.aIf the behavior in violation of rule 20.B is stopped before the full utterance of the word “zero,” the marker stops the count-down and may only initiate the stall count as usual, according to 15.A.2. [[An example of “stopping” behavior in violation of rule 20.B is to begin moving toward the disc at walking pace. Another example would be to run downfield, leaving the disc for someone else to pick up. However, if a player is taking more time than reasonably necessary to put the disc into play by standing back from the disc, wandering around near the disc, or standing over the disc, continuing such behavior during the three-second countdown will allow a marker to initiate the stall count under 14.A.5.]]
   2. 14.A.5.bIf the behavior in violation of rule 20.B is not stopped before the full utterance of the word “zero,” the marker may then initiate or continue a stall count, regardless of any subsequent actions by the offense, by announcing “disc in” and then initiating the stall count.

1. 15.A.1The stall count consists of announcing “stalling” and counting from one to ten loudly enough for the thrower to hear.
   1. 15.A.1.aThe interval between the first utterance of each number in the stall count must be at least one second. [[Thus, a legal count from one to ten will take a minimum of 9 seconds. It is legal to count at intervals greater than one second between numbers]]
   2. 15.A.1.bAll stall counts initiated, reinitiated or resumed after a stoppage of play must start with the word “stalling.”
   3. 15.A.1.cIf the count resets to one during a stoppage of play, it is considered a new count.
2. 15.A.2Only the marker (3.Q.6) may initiate or continue a stall count, and may do so anytime a thrower has possession of a disc that is live or in play.
   1. 15.A.2.aAdditionally, the marker may initiate or continue a stall count (even before a thrower gains possession) if delay of game or pre-stall rules (14.A.3, 14.A.4, 14.A.5, or 7.B.4.d) apply and have been satisfied.
   2. 15.A.2.bHowever, unless 15.A.2.a applies, the stall count may not be initiated or resumed before a pivot is established:
      1. 15.A.2.b.1directly after a turnover,
      2. 15.A.2.b.2when putting the pull into play, and
      3. 15.A.2.b.3after a travel is called and no pass has been attempted.
3. 15.A.3If the thrower has not released the disc at the first utterance of the word “ten,” it is a turnover. The marker loudly announces “stall” and play stops. If the disc is thrown, play continues until the outcome of that pass is determined. A stall is not a violation and the Continuation Rule (17.C) does not apply.
   1. 15.A.3.aIf the stall is uncontested, the disc is returned to the thrower at the place of the stall. The thrower then places the disc on the ground and loudly announces “disc in” and the disc is in play.
   2. 15.A.3.bThe thrower may contest a stall call in the belief that the disc was released before the first utterance of the word “ten” or if the marker committed a fast count such that the thrower did not have a reasonable opportunity to call “fast count” before the first utterance of the word “ten.” If a stall is contested:
      1. 15.A.3.bIf the pass was complete or 15.B.1.b applies, play stops, players return to their positions at the time of the throw, and possession reverts to the thrower. After a check, the marker resumes the stall count according to 15.A.5.b.3.
      2. 15.A.3.b.1If the pass was incomplete, it is a turnover; play stops and resumes with a check.
      3. 15.A.3.b.2If a stall call is retracted and the thrower attempted a pass, the outcome of the pass stands and play restarts with a check. [[A marker should not automatically call “stall” because they got to the count of ten. They should be certain that the disc was not yet released and that their count wasn’t fast.]]
4. 15.A.4If the defense switches markers, the new marker must reinitiate the stall count. [[Reinitiate the stall count means to start over (“stalling one…”).]] A marker leaving the ten foot radius and returning is considered a new marker.
5. 15.A.5If a stall count is interrupted by a call, the thrower and marker are responsible for agreeing on the correct count before the check. The count reached is the last number fully uttered by the marker before the call. The count is resumed with the word “stalling” followed by the number listed below:
   1. 15.A.5.aGeneral Rules:

      15.A.5.a.11. Uncontested defensive foul or violation	1
      15.A.5.a.22. Uncontested offensive foul or violation	Count reached plus 1, or 9 if over 8
      15.A.5.a.33. Contested foul or violation	Count reached plus 1, or 6 if over 5
      15.A.5.a.44. Offsetting calls	Count reached plus 1, or 6 if over 5
      15.A.5.a.55. Unresolved calls	Count reached plus 1, or 6 if over 5
      15.A.5.a.66. Retracted defensive calls	1
      15.A.5.a.77. Retracted offensive calls	Count reached plus 1, or 9 if over 8

   2. 15.A.5.bSpecific Rules:

      15.A.5.b.11. Pick	Count reached plus 1, or 6 if over 5
      15.A.5.b.22. Marking violation (no stoppage)	Count reached minus 1, no “stalling”
      15.A.5.b.33. Contested stall
      15.A.5.b.3.aa. First call	8
      15.A.5.b.3.bb. Second and subsequent calls when due to a fast count	6
      15.A.5.b.44. Technical timeout	Count reached plus 1, or 6 if over 5
      15.A.5.b.55. Obstruction within 5 yards of playing field	Count reached plus 1, or 9 if over 8

1. 15.B.1Fast count:
   1. 15.B.1.aIf the marker does not say “stalling” to initiate or resume a stall count, counts at intervals of less than one second, or skips a number in the count, it is a fast count. [[Skipping multiple numbers at once in the count is immediately callable as a general violation.]]
   2. 15.B.1.bIf a fast count occurs in such a manner that the thrower does not have a reasonable opportunity to call fast count before the first utterance of the word ten, the play is treated as a contested stall (15.A.3.b).
   3. 15.B.1.cIf this (15.B.1.b) occurs in the same possession following a contested stall (either due to 15.B.1.a or 15.A.3.b), the stall count resumes at six.
2. 15.B.2Double team: If a defensive player other than the marker is within 10 feet of any pivot of the thrower without also being within 10 feet of and guarding (3.E) another offensive player, it is a double team. However, merely running across this area is not a double team. [[“Merely running” means running for the exclusive purpose of reaching the other side. Running with an ulterior motive of interfering with the thrower in any way is not “merely running” and is a double team.]]
3. 15.B.3Disc space:
   1. 15.B.3.aIt is a disc space violation if:
      1. 15.B.3.a.1any part of the marker is less than one disc diameter away from the torso of the thrower; or
      2. 15.B.3.a.2a line between any two points on the marker
         1. 15.B.3.a.2.atouches the thrower; or
         2. 15.B.3.a.2.bis less than one disc diameter away from the torso or pivot of the thrower.
   2. 15.B.3.bStraddle: If a line between the marker’s feet is less than one disc diameter away from the pivot of the thrower, it is a straddle violation.
   3. 15.B.3.cWrapping: If a line between the marker’s hands is less than one disc diameter away from the torso or pivot of the thrower, it is a wrapping violation. [[The thrower may choose to call “disc space” for both straddle and wrapping violations as they are a subset of disc space violations. However, the thrower may also choose to call the more specific violation for clearer communication to the marker about what needs to be corrected.]]
   4. 15.B.3.dHowever, if any of the above situations are caused solely by movement of the thrower, it is not a violation.
4. 15.B.4Vision blocking: If the marker deliberately blocks the thrower’s vision, it is a vision blocking violation.
5. 15.B.5Fast count, double team, disc space, straddle, wrapping, and vision blocking are marking violations.
6. 15.B.6Only the thrower may call a marking violation, and to do so must call out the name of the specific marking violation.
7. 15.B.7When a marking violation is called, play does not stop. The violation must be corrected before the marker can resume the stall count with the number last uttered before the call minus one (e.g. “stalling one…two…three…” “fast count” “…two…three…”). [[When a marking violation is called, the marker should immediately stop counting. The defense should then correct the violation and the marker can then resume the count at the appropriate number.]] If the marker resumes the stall count before the defense corrects a marking violation, it is another instance of the original marking violation, which may be called by the thrower.
8. 15.B.8If the defense commits a marking violation after being called for a marking violation during the same stall count (15.A.1) but before the thrower is in the act of throwing, the thrower may choose to either call another marking violation or to treat the marking violation as a general defensive violation (17). To treat it as a general violation, the thrower must call “violation.”
9. 15.B.9The marker may contest a marking violation by calling “violation.” This contest is treated as the call of an offensive violation, and the Continuation Rule (17.C) applies. [[It is the marker’s responsibility to announce if play was affected for the purpose of the Continuation Rule (17.C). Generally speaking, due to 17.L, calls made by another player cannot be said to affect play. However, in limited situations for contested marking violation calls, when the marker diverts their attention away from marking while reasonably and quickly assessing the conditions to the thrower’s marking violation call, the marker could determine that play was affected. For example, the thrower calls straddle, and while the marker is looking at their feet to assess their marking position, the thrower completes a throw around the marker. If the marker subsequently contests the straddle because they assessed that they weren’t committing a marking violation, they could claim that play was affected and the disc should be returned to the thrower. It is the thrower’s responsibility to stop play as soon as possible after the marker makes their call contesting the marking violation (20.F).]]

1. 16.C.1the player does not change direction or increase speed while in possession of the disc; and
2. 16.C.2the pass is released before three additional points of contact with the ground are made after possession has been established.

1. 17.C.1Despite any outcome dictated by these rules, if the involved players on both teams agree that the infraction did not affect the outcome of the play, play stops and the result of the play stands. This provision does not apply if the thrower is aware an infraction has been called and subsequently attempts a pass.
2. 17.C.2Where the outcome of these rules is for play to continue unhalted, the player who called the infraction must announce “play on.” Additionally, any player recognizing that play should continue without stoppage should announce “play on.” If the player who called the infraction does not announce “play on” and the opposing team is uncertain whether play should continue, the opposing team has the option to stop play by calling “violation.”
3. 17.C.3For calls made by the offense:
   1. 17.C.3.aIf the pass is complete:
      1. 17.C.3.a.1If the offense called the infraction before the thrower began the act of throwing (3.O.3), play stops and possession reverts to the thrower.
      2. 17.C.3.a.2If the offense called the infraction after the thrower began the act of throwing, play continues unhalted.
      3. 17.C.3.a.3Where an infraction is called by the thrower, players should treat the call as if it was made when the infraction occurred in determining whether the call was made before or after the thrower was in the act of throwing. If the infraction occurred after the throw was released, the call is considered to have been made by a non-thrower. [[This means that if you throw a turnover and call a foul on contact after the release, the turnover will generally stand. Note that the timing is based on when the infraction occurred for this rule.]]
   2. 17.C.3.bIf the pass is incomplete:
      1. 17.C.3.b.1If the infraction affected the play (17.C.5), play stops and the disc reverts to the thrower unless the specific rule (e.g., the receiving foul rule) says otherwise.
      2. 17.C.3.b.2If the infraction did not affect the play, play stops and the result of the play stands.
      3. 17.C.3.b.3Where the thrower calls an infraction which occurred before the thrower began the act of throwing, play continues unhalted and the result of the play stands.
4. 17.C.4For calls made by the defense:
   1. 17.C.4.aIf the pass is complete:
      1. 17.C.4.a.1If the infraction affected the play (17.C.5), play stops and the disc reverts to the thrower unless the specific rule (e.g., the receiving foul rule) says otherwise.
      2. 17.C.4.a.2If the infraction did not affect the play, play stops and the result of the play stands.
   2. 17.C.4.bIf the pass is incomplete, play continues un-halted.
5. 17.C.5An infraction affected the play if an infracted player determines that the outcome of the specific play, from the time of the infraction until play stops, may have been meaningfully different absent the infraction. [[It is the infracted player’s responsibility to announce if play was affected. For example, if a defender calls “pick” while trailing a receiver by 6 feet, the defender should indicate whether the pick affected the play. If the pick did not affect the play, the defender will still recover any distance lost, but the completed pass will stand. If the pick did affect the play, the disc reverts to the thrower.]] For example, if a receiver is fouled and thereby prevented from getting open for a pass, the play was affected; however, if the receiver would not have received a pass even without the foul, the play was not affected. [[Contact that occurs after the outcome of the play is determined cannot affect the play. For example, if a defender catches a disc before lightly bumping into the receiver, that contact did not affect the play and the turnover will stand.]]
6. 17.C.6Positioning after a call:
   1. 17.C.6.aIf no pass is thrown or attempted before the thrower stops play by acknowledging the call, all players return to the locations they occupied when the call was made.
   2. 17.C.6.bIf a pass is thrown or attempted before the thrower acknowledges the call or the call is made after the throwing attempt, and
      1. 17.C.6.b.1if possession reverts to the thrower, all players return to the locations they occupied at the earlier of: [[Therefore, if a long pass is thrown and there is a contested receiving foul, the players will return to where they were at the time of the throw (rather than remaining downfield after chasing down the disc).]]
         1. 17.C.6.b.1.athe time of the throw,
         2. 17.C.6.b.1.bthe time of the call.
      2. 17.C.6.b.2if a player other than the thrower is awarded possession due to an uncontested call, all players return to the locations they occupied at the time of the infraction.
      3. 17.C.6.b.3if the result of a play stands, players return to the locations they occupied when play stopped.

1. 17.H.1If an earlier infraction is determined not to have affected the play (17.C.1 and 17.C.5), that infraction is not resolved and it does not affect the resolution of subsequent infractions. [[Not resolved essentially means that the call is treated as if it had not occurred and the result of the play (possession, stall count, etc.) is unchanged by that call.]]
2. 17.H.2Offsetting infractions: If both offensive and defensive infractions occur simultaneously or the sequence cannot be determined, the resolution for this set of infractions is: the disc is returned to the thrower and put into play with a check, with the count reached plus one or at six if over five. [[It is possible that resolutions to earlier infractions may ultimately change this particular outcome.]]
3. 17.H.3Exception: If separate fouls occur while the disc is in the air, but before any player starts to attempt to catch or block the disc, those fouls are treated as simultaneous and on the same play.

1. 17.I.1Dangerous Play. Actions demonstrating reckless disregard for the safety of or posing a significant risk of injury to fellow players, or other dangerously aggressive behavior are considered “dangerous play” and are treated as a foul. The proper call in such circumstances is “dangerous play” and play stops. This rule is not superseded by any other rule. [[The following are non-exhaustive examples of dangerous play:
   • significantly colliding with a mostly stationary opponent,
   • jumping into a group of mostly stationary players,
   • diving around or through a player that results in contact with a player’s back or legs,
   • running without looking when there is a likelihood of other players occupying the space into which the player is traveling,
   • jumping or otherwise leaving the ground where it is likely that a significant collision will result,
   • wild or uncontrolled throwing motions,
   • initiating contact with a player’s head,
   • initiating contact with an airborne player’s lower body that prevents them from landing on their feet, and
   • jumping right in front of a sprinting player in a manner where contact is unavoidable]]
   1. 17.I.1.aDangerous play is considered a foul regardless of whether or when the disc arrives or contact occurs.
      1. 17.I.1.a.1The vast majority of dangerous play will involve contact between players. However, contact is not required for a player to invoke this rule where there is reasonable certainty that contact would have occurred had the player not taken steps to avoid contact. [[A player is not required to hold their position and receive contact in order to call “dangerous play,” but the mere possibility of contact is insufficient to justify a call. Furthermore, if the offending player stops or changes their path such that contact would not have occurred, contact was not “reasonably certain.”]]
   2. 17.I.1.bResolution. If uncontested, a call of “dangerous play” is resolved as an analogous foul (e.g., if the call occurred while or immediately after the calling player was making a play on a disc in the air, it is treated as a Receiving Foul (17.I.4.b)). A player called for dangerous play may contest the call if they believe the call was incorrect (17.B).
      1. 17.I.1.b.1Dangerous play between a thrower and marker is treated as a throwing foul that affected the play, regardless of whether or when the disc is released or when contact occurs, unless the calling player determines otherwise.
      2. 17.I.1.b.2Dangerous play occurring when or immediately after the disc is in the air is treated as a receiving foul if either player involved is attempting a play on the disc. However, the calling player may elect to treat the dangerous play as a general foul, if the player determines that the dangerous play was unrelated to the overall play that decided the outcome of the action. [[For example, if a third player appears and grabs the disc far before it reaches the two involved players, or if the disc is thrown to the opposite side of the field, the involved players will not be attempting a play on the disc. However, if multiple players accumulate under a floating disc, one player’s dangerous play will be treated as a receiving foul, even if a third player happens to make a successful play on the disc, as the players under the disc were attempting a play on the disc. The calling player would have discretion to deem the third player’s play so independent and removed from the involved players that the calling player wishes to treat the dangerous play as a general foul rather than a receiving foul. In general, a calling player’s decision that a dangerous play was unrelated to the overall play will be based on the dangerous play being removed in significant distance or time from the overall play. By way of further example, even a dangerous play committed against a player unaware of the approaching disc will be treated as a receiving foul, where the offending player was attempting to make a play on the disc, giving the benefit of the doubt that the calling player could potentially have become aware of the approaching disc, had the offending player made a safe play. In this instance, the calling player could determine that it would not have been possible to become aware of the disc such that the outcome of the play would have changed and therefore elect to treat the dangerous play as a general foul.]]
      3. 17.I.1.b.3Dangerous play is treated as a general foul only if it occurs when the disc is not in the air, occurs far away from the disc, when the disc is obviously uncatchable, or when the calling player has elected such treatment under 17.I.1.b.2. In this situation, the calling player determines whether the play was affected, under the standard enunciated in this rule and its annotations. [[A disc is obviously uncatchable only when it hits the ground before a catch could possibly be made, is out-of-bounds with no possibility of an in-bounds completion, or otherwise presents no opportunity for a catch (whether initial or subsequent efforts), giving every benefit of the doubt to the calling player.]] [[In determining whether a dangerous play affected the play under 17.I.1.b.3, the calling player should broadly consider the entire play, including any approach taken by the offending player immediately before the dangerous play. A good rule of thumb is to look to the last time when a player could have still changed their actions and actively avoided a dangerous outcome but did not (the “point of no return”) through the time immediately after resolution of the play and broadly consider whether the outcome of the play could possibly have been different, had the offending player taken a safe approach. Even a player’s awareness of the presence of the offending player can affect the play.]]
2. 17.I.2A foul can be called only by the fouled player and must be announced by loudly calling “foul” immediately after it occurs.
3. 17.I.3Contact resulting from adjacent opposing players simultaneously vying for the same unoccupied position is not in itself a foul.
4. 17.I.4Some fouls carry some extra provisions, as listed below.
   1. 17.I.4.a

      Throwing Fouls

      :
      1. 17.I.4.a.1A throwing foul may be called when there is non-incidental contact between the thrower and marker. [[Nearly every instance of contact between the thrower and marker will be non-incidental with respect to the thrower, whether it disrupts the thrower’s concentration, interferes with the thrower’s movement, disturbs the thrower’s grip, interferes with a throw, or affects continued play in any other way.]] The disc in a thrower’s possession is considered part of the thrower.
      2. 17.I.4.a.2In general, any contact between the thrower and the extended (i.e., away from the midline of the body) arms or legs of a marker is a foul on the marker, unless the contacted area of the marker is completely stationary and in a legal position. [[Really completely stationary. This is very rare.]]
      3. 17.I.4.a.3Any contact that occurs due to the marker setting up in an illegal position (15.B.3) is a foul on the marker. [[Non-incidental contact. Again, nearly all contact will be non-incidental with respect to the thrower.]] [[This contact must be part of an ultimate-related maneuver (throwing, pivoting, etc.) and must occur with a part of the marker that is illegally positioned. For example, shoving the marker does not result in contact due to the marker setting up an illegal position. Similarly, if a marker is providing disc space, except for illegally wrapping the thrower with their arms, only contact with the illegally positioned arms is due to the marker setting up an illegal position.]] Once the marker has set up in a legal marking position, it is the responsibility of both players to respect this legal position. However, contact resulting from the thrower and the marker both vying for the same unoccupied position is a foul on the marker.
      4. 17.I.4.a.4Any contact initiated by a thrower with the body (excluding arms and legs extended from the midline of the body) of a legally positioned (15.B.3) marker is a foul on the thrower. [[Non-incidental contact. The effect of the contact on the marker is important here, as many, but not all, instances of contact will affect continued play with respect to the marker.]]
      5. 17.I.4.a.5Although it should be avoided whenever possible, incidental contact occurring during the follow-through (after the disc is released) is not a foul. [[Remember, even if the contact were non-incidental, because it occurred after the throw was released, it cannot be deemed to have affected the specific play, and a turnover will stand.]]
      6. 17.I.4.a.6If non-incidental contact occurs between the thrower and marker such that the thrower could call a throwing foul on the marker, the thrower may instead choose to call “contact.” Play does not stop and the marker resumes the stall count at “one.” Other than resetting the stall count, the “contact” call is resolved in the same manner as a marking violation (15.B). The marker may contest the “contact” call by calling “violation,” which stops play. If the thrower calls “contact” after beginning the throwing motion and subsequently releases the disc, it is treated as if the thrower called “foul.”
      7. 17.I.4.a.7Any references above to a marker also apply to any defensive player within ten feet of the thrower’s pivot.
   2. 17.I.4.b

      Receiving Fouls

      :
      1. 17.I.4.b.1If a player contacts an opponent while the disc is in the air and thereby interferes with that opponent’s attempt to make a play on the disc, that player has committed a receiving foul. Some amount of incidental contact before, during, or immediately after the attempt often is unavoidable and is not a foul. [[The opponent must at least begin an attempt to make a play on the disc. The opponent’s “attempt to make a play on the disc” includes any second efforts after a disc is tipped, if the disc has not become uncatchable.]][[Incidental contact, by definition, is not a foul.]]
      2. 17.I.4.b.2If 17.C.3.b.1 of the Continuation Rule applies: if the call is uncontested, the fouled player gains possession at the spot on the playing field closest to the spot of the infraction. If the foul is contested, the disc reverts to the thrower.
      3. 17.I.4.b.3The Principle of Verticality: All players have the right to enter the air space immediately above their torso to make a play on a thrown disc. If non-incidental contact occurs in the airspace immediately above a player before the outcome of the play is determined (e.g., before possession is gained or an incomplete pass is effected), it is a foul on the player entering the vertical space of the other player. [[If the disc is caught (or rendered uncatchable) before contact occurs, then the outcome of the play is determined already and the contact is not an infraction of this rule.]]
      4. 17.I.4.b.4Force-out Foul: If an airborne player catches the disc and is contacted by an opposing player before landing, and that contact causes the player to land out-of-bounds instead of in-bounds, or out of the end zone instead of in the end zone, it is a foul on the opposing player and the fouled player retains possession at the spot of the foul. If an uncontested force-out foul results in an in-bounds player landing outside the end zone being attacked when they would have landed in the end zone without the foul, a goal is awarded.
   3. 17.I.4.c

      Blocking Fouls

      :
      1. 17.I.4.c.1When the disc is in the air a player may not move in a manner solely to prevent an opponent from taking an unoccupied path to the disc and any resulting non-incidental contact is a foul on the blocking player which is treated like a receiving foul (17.I.4.b). [[Solely. The intent of the player’s movement can be partly motivated to prevent an opponent from taking an unoccupied path to the disc, so long as it is part of a general effort to make a play on the disc. Note, if a trailing player runs into a player in front of them, it is nearly always a foul on the trailing player.]]
      2. 17.I.4.c.2A player may not take a position that is unavoidable by a moving opponent when time, distance, and line of sight are considered. [[If you are already in a position, you maintaining that position is not “taking a position.”]] Non-incidental contact resulting from taking such a position is a foul on the blocking player.
   4. 17.I.4.dStrip: If a foul causes a player to lose possession of the disc, it is a strip. A strip is a subset of fouls and is treated the same way. [[Initiating contact with a disc in a player’s possession is a foul.]] [[Sustained contact with, and control of, a non-spinning disc is required to establish possession (3.J). A player may not call a strip if they had only momentary contact with or lacked control of the disc at the time of an opponent contacting the disc because the player did not have possession.]]

Picks

1. 17.J.1A pick occurs whenever an offensive player moves in a manner that causes a defensive player guarding (3.E) an offensive player to be obstructed by another player. Obstruction may result from contact with, or the need to avoid, the obstructing player.
2. 17.J.2A pick can be called only by the obstructed player and must be announced by loudly calling “pick” immediately after it occurs. [[Call the pick immediately. If you wait too long, you lose your window of opportunity to make the call.]]
3. 17.J.3If play stops according to 17.C, players reposition according to 17.C.6. [[So if the disc is returned to the thrower, everyone resumes the locations they occupied at the earlier of the time of the throw or the time of the call.]] In addition, the obstructed player is then allowed to move to recover the relative position lost because of the pick. [[Then the picked defender catches up the relative position lost because of the pick. If they were trailing by 9 feet, then they get to catch back up to 9 feet away, but does not get to set up right next to the offensive player.]]
4. 17.J.4During any stoppage of play, opposing players may agree to slightly adjust their locations to avoid potential imminent picks.

1. 17.K.1In addition, each of the following is a travel:
   1. 17.K.1.aA player catches the disc and either speeds up, changes direction or does not stop as quickly as possible before establishing a pivot (16.B).
   2. 17.K.1.bA player receives a pass while running or jumping, and releases a pass after the third additional ground contact and before establishing a pivot (16.C).
   3. 17.K.1.cPurposeful bobbling (including tipping, delaying, guiding, brushing, or the like) to oneself in order to advance the disc in any direction from where it initially was contacted (16.A).
      1. 17.K.1.c.1If a defender commits this infraction and the result of the play is a turnover, the defender retains possession at the initial spot of the travel.
   4. 17.K.1.dThe thrower fails to touch the disc to the ground when required (14.B).
2. 17.K.2Exceptions:
   1. 17.K.2.aIf a non-standing player loses contact with the pivot spot in order to stand up, it is not a travel, provided the new pivot is established at the same location.
   2. 17.K.2.bIt is not a travel if a player catches the disc and releases a pass before three additional points of ground contact (16.C).
   3. 17.K.2.cIf play stops, the thrower may reset the pivot.
3. 17.K.3Resolutions:
   1. 17.K.3.aIf the travel occurs and a pass is thrown:
      1. 17.K.3.a.1If the pass is incomplete, play continues uninterrupted (as per the Continuation Rule, 17.C.4.b).
      2. 17.K.3.a.2If the pass is complete, play stops and the disc is returned to the thrower where the travel occurred (as per the Continuation Rule, 17.C.4.a.1). Play restarts with a check. [[The spot where the travel occured is the spot on the field where the thrower’s pivot would have been had they not traveled.]] [[If the thrower threw from either the end zone or out-of-bounds, and their pivot was more than one step from the appropriate spot, the following procedure is used instead: First, the disc is checked in where the thrower threw the pass, making it live, then the thrower walks to the appropriate spot for their pivot and puts the disc in play. At this point, the stall count may resume.]]
   2. 17.K.3.bIf the travel occurs and no pass has been attempted:
      1. 17.K.3.b.1Play does not stop. The defense (typically the marker) points to the spot where the travel occurred, and the thrower returns to that spot without delay. The thrower must touch the disc to the ground before attempting a legal pass. [[Play does not stop, but the disc is live, so it is still subject to a turnover (for example if the thrower drops it).]]
      2. 17.K.3.b.2The stall count is paused until the thrower sets a pivot where the travel occurred. The marker is not required to say “stalling” when resuming the count. The thrower must touch the disc to the ground before attempting a pass. [[The marker must initiate a stall count with the word “stalling,” but resuming the count does not require the marker to say “stalling” again.]]
      3. 17.K.3.b.3If the thrower wishes to contest the travel call, they announce “violation” and play stops. Upon checking the disc in, the stall count resumes at the count reached plus 1, or 6 if over 5 (15.A.5.a.3). [[If the defense does not indicate to the thrower where the travel occurred, or the thrower wishes to contest the location of an indicated spot, the thrower should announce “violation”, stopping play, and explain that the spot was incorrectly/not indicated. After setting their pivot in the correct spot, and checking the disc in, the stall count resumes at the count reached plus 1, or 6 if over 5 (15.A.5.a.3).]]

1. 19.B.1Track time limits and announce associated warnings and expirations.
2. 19.B.2Resolve player disputes.
   1. 19.B.2.aAny player directly involved in a dispute may request observer resolution.
   2. 19.B.2.bAn observer may resolve a dispute without request from the players involved if they cannot resolve it in a timely manner.
   3. 19.B.2.cIf an observer is involved in resolving a dispute, play restarts with a check.
3. 19.B.3Censure or eject players for Spirit of the Game infractions. This includes assigning responsibility for game delays to a specific player.
4. 19.B.4Render opinions on other on-field events (e.g., line and offside calls), as determined in advance by the event organizer.